Review of drugs to improve sexual function

Review of drugs to improve sexual function

I. Introduction: understanding of sexual dysfunction and its treatment

Sexual dysfunction, covering a wide range of problems affecting libido, excitement, orgasm and general sexual satisfaction, affects both men and women. Understanding the main reasons, whether physiological, psychological or associated with a way of life, is the first step towards effective treatment. There are many pharmaceutical and non -pharmaceutical interventions aimed at solving various aspects of sexual dysfunction. This review discusses various drugs available to improve sexual function, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects and consideration of safety. It is important to emphasize that self -medication can be dangerous, and consultation with a qualified doctor is necessary to determine the most suitable treatment plan adapted to individual needs and health conditions.

II. Preparations for improving erectile function (ED): FDE-5 inhibitors

Erectile dysfunction (ED), defined as a constant inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity, is a common disease that affects millions of men around the world. Type 5 (FDE-5) phosphodesterase inhibitors are the cornerstone of pharmacological treatment of ED.

• The mechanism of action: FDE-5 inhibitors act by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodesterase of type 5 (FDE-5), which is responsible for the splitting of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (CGMFs) in the penis. The CGMF causes relaxation of the smooth muscles in the cavernous bodies of the penis, allowing the blood to pose and cause an erection. Inhibiting FDE-5, these drugs increase and support the levels of the CGMF, thereby facilitating an erection in response to sexual stimulation. It is important to note that FDE-5 inhibitors do not cause an erection directly; They require sexual stimulation for effective work.

• Examples of FDE-5 inhibitors:

  • Sildenafil (Viagra): The first FDE-5 inhibitor, entered the market, is usually taken 30-60 minutes before sexual activity. Its effect usually lasts about 4-5 hours. Sildenafil is known for its effectiveness, but its absorption can be slowed when eating with a high fat content.

  • Tadalafil (Sialis): Tadalafil has a longer half -life than sildenafil, with effects that can last up to 36 hours. This allows more flexibility in the timing of sexual activity. Tadalafil is also available in the form of a daily dose, which provides a continuous effect, eliminating the need to plan drugs before sexual activity.

  • Vardenafil (Levitra): Vardenafil is structurally similar to sildenafil and has a similar mechanism of action. It is usually taken 25-60 minutes before sexual activity, and its effect lasts about 4-5 hours. Some studies show that vardenafil can have a slightly faster start to action than sildenafil.

  • Avanafil (Stepdra): Avanafil is the latest FDE-5 inhibitor entering the market and is intended for a faster start of action, usually within 15-30 minutes. It also has a shorter duration of action than Tadalafil, which can reduce the risk of side effects.

• Efficiency: FDE-5 inhibitors showed high efficiency in the treatment of ED. Clinical trials have shown that they significantly improve the erectile function in most men with ED, regardless of the main reason. Efficiency varies between people and may depend on factors such as the severity of ED, concomitant diseases and an individual reaction to the medicine.

• Side effects: The general side effects of FDE-5 inhibitors include headache, face redness, nasal congestion, stomach disorder and visual impairment (for example, vision of vision). Rare, but serious side effects include priapism (prolonged erection lasting more than four hours), a sudden hearing loss and non -artralized anterior ischemic neuropetia (wireless), a condition that can lead to constant loss of vision.

• Contraindications and precautions: FDE-5 inhibitors are contraindicated to people taking nitrates (drugs used to treat angina pectoris), since the combination can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure. They should also be used with caution in people with cardiovascular diseases, low blood pressure or liver or kidney diseases. It is important to inform your doctor about all drugs and diseases before taking FDE-5 inhibitors.

III. Other drugs for the treatment of ED:

Although FDE-5 inhibitors are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of ED, there are other options for men who do not respond to FDE-5 inhibitors or for which they are contraindicated.

• Alprostadil: Alprostadil is a synthetic prostaglandine E1 (PGE1), which acts by relaxing the smooth muscles in the penis and an increase in the flow of blood leading to an erection. It is available in two forms:

  • Intracavernous injection: Alprostadil can be introduced directly into the penis with a thin needle. An erection usually occurs within 5-20 minutes and lasts about 30-60 minutes. Although intracavernous injections are effective, they can be painful and risk the risk of such side effects as scarring, jokes and infection.

  • Intra -ruble suppositories (MUSE): Alprostadil is also available in the form of granules, which are inserted into the urethra using a special applicator. The effectiveness of the MUSE is lower than that of intracavernous injections, and they can cause side effects, such as pain in the penis, burning and dizziness.

• Testosterone: The low level of testosterone can contribute to ED in some men. In these cases, testosterone therapy can improve erectile function, as well as libido and general well -being. Testosterone is available in various forms, including injections, transdermal plasters, gels and oral drugs. Testosterone therapy should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor, as it can have side effects, such as acne, breast augmentation and problems with the prostate gland.

• Apomorphin: Apomorphine is an agonist of dopamine, which acts on the central nervous system to stimulate an erection. It is accepted by sublingually (under the tongue) and usually begins to act within 15-30 minutes. Apomorphine is not as effective as FDE-5 inhibitors, and can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness.

IV. Drugs for female sexual dysfunction (FSD):

Women’s sexual dysfunction (FSD) covers a wide range of problems, including low libido, difficulties with excitement, problems with orgasm and painful sexual intercourse. Treatment of FSD is often complex and may include a combination of pharmacological and non -pharmacological approaches.

• Flibanswin, Bells): Flibanserin is a drug approved for the treatment of a hypoactive disorder of sexual desire (GSRSV) in women in preenopausa. GSRSV is characterized by a low sex drive, which causes distress and is not associated with the underlying disease, mental disorder or problems in relations.

  • The mechanism of action: Flibanserin acts as an agonist of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. The accurate mechanism with which the Flibanserin improves sexual attraction is not entirely clear, but it is believed that it modulates the activity of neurotransmitters that participate in the regulation of mood, motivation and pleasure.

  • Efficiency: Clinical trials showed that Flibanserin can slightly increase the number of satisfactory sexual intercourse per month in women with GSRSV. However, the effectiveness of Phlibanserin is often modest, and it is not effective for all women.

  • Side effects: Flibanserin can cause side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and low blood pressure. He also has a warning about a black box due to the risk of serious side effects, such as fainting and inhibition of the central nervous system, when taking alcohol or some other drugs.

• Barminonotide (Weoly): Bremlanotide is another drug approved for the treatment of GSRSV in prenopaus women. It is administered by subcutaneous injection immediately before the expected sexual activity.

  • The mechanism of action: Bremlanotide is an agonist of the melanocortine receptor 4 (MK4), which is involved in the regulation of sexual function in the brain. Activating the MK4 receptor, Bremlanotide is believed to increase sexual attraction and excitement.

  • Efficiency: Clinical tests showed that bremlanotide can improve sexual desire and reduce distress in women with GSRSV. However, like Phlibanserin, the effectiveness of bremlanotide can vary between people.

  • Side effects: The general side effects of bremlanotide include nausea, redness of the face, headache and darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation). It is contraindicated in women with uncontrolled hypertension or known cardiovascular diseases.

• Testosterone: Although testosterone is mainly used to treat men, it is sometimes prescribed for women with low sex drive. However, the use of testosterone in women is contradictory and is not approved by the US Products and Drugs (FDA) controls for the treatment of FSD. Testosterone therapy can have side effects in women, such as acne, hirsutism (hair growth according to the male type) and a recess of voice. Women considering testosterone therapy should discuss the risks and advantages with their doctor.

• Ospamifen (Ospen): Ospamifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SMER), which is approved for the treatment of moderate and severe dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) due to vulvovaginal atrophy in women in postmenopausa.

  • The mechanism of action: Ospamifen acts as an estrogen in the tissue of the vagina, helping to restore the thickness and elasticity of the vaginal shell. This can reduce pain and discomfort during intercourse.

  • Efficiency: Clinical trials have shown that Ospamifen effectively reduces dyspareunia and improves vaginal health in postmenopausa women.

  • Side effects: The general side effects of Ospamifen include tides, vaginal discharge and muscle cramps. He carries a warning about a black box due to the risk of blood clots and endometrial cancer.

• Estrogen therapy: Local estrogen treatment (for example, vaginal creams, rings or tablets) can help reduce dyspareunia caused by vaginal atrophy in women in postmenopause. Estrogenic therapy helps restore vaginal humidity and elasticity, reducing pain and discomfort during intercourse.

V. Natural additives and alternative treatment methods:

Many people are looking for natural additives and alternative treatment methods to improve sexual function. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of these treatment methods are not always confirmed by strict scientific research. Always consult a doctor before trying any natural additives or alternative treatment methods, as they can interact with medicines or have side effects.

• L-arginine: L-Arginine is an amino acid, which is the predecessor of nitrogen oxide (NO). No plays an important role in expanding blood vessels and improving blood flow to the genitals. Some studies show that L-Arginine additives can improve the erectile function in men with ED, but evidence is ambiguous.

• Ginseng: Ginseng is a grass that is traditionally used to improve sexual function and overall well -being. Some studies show that ginseng can improve erectile function, libido and sexual satisfaction. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results.

• Trouble: Maca is a Peruvian vegetable, which is claimed to improve libido, fertility and energy level. Some studies show that poppy can improve sexual desire in men and women, but additional studies are needed.

• TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS: Toltris tribulus is a grass that is traditionally used to increase sexual function and muscle mass. Some studies show that Tertrix tribulus can improve sexual attraction and erectile function in men, but evidence is ambiguous.

• Yohimbe: Yochimba is a tree bark that contains yochimbine, a substance that is believed to increase blood flow to the genitals and improves erectile function. Yochimbin was approved by FDA for the treatment of Ed, but it is associated with side effects, such as anxiety, high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat. Yohimbe should be used with caution and under the supervision of a doctor.

• DHEA (Dehidroepandrostrostone): DGEA is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. He is the predecessor of testosterone and estrogen. Some studies show that DGEA additives can improve sexual attraction and erectile function in men and women, but additional studies are needed.

• Acupuncture: Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical equipment that involves the introduction of thin needles into certain points on the body. Some studies show that acupuncture can improve the sexual function in men and women, but additional studies are needed.

• Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (KPT) and sexual therapy, can be useful for solving psychological factors that contribute to sexual dysfunction, such as anxiety, depression and problems in relationships.

VI. Life and dietary factors:

In addition to drugs and alternative treatment methods, lifestyle and diet factors can play an important role in sexual health.

• Healthy diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and low -fat proteins can improve the general state of health and sexual function. Some products, such as oysters, dark chocolate and avocados, are considered aphrodisiacs and can increase sexual attraction and pleasure.

• Regular physical exercises: Regular physical exercises can improve blood flow, reduce stress and improve mood, which can positively affect sexual function.

• Stress management: Chronic stress can adversely affect sexual health. Stress management methods such as yoga, meditation and deep breathing can help improve sexual function.

• Adequate dream: A sufficient dream is important for the general state of health and sexual function. The lack of sleep can lead to fatigue, irritability and a decrease in sexual desire.

• Restriction of alcohol consumption and smoking refusal: Excessive drinking and smoking can disrupt sexual function. Limiting alcohol use and smoking refusal can improve sexual health.

• Maintaining a healthy weight: Excess weight or obesity can contribute to sexual dysfunction. Maintaining a healthy weight can improve sexual function.

VII. Special considerations for various population groups:

When considering drugs to improve sexual function, it is important to consider special considerations for various groups of the population.

• Elderly people: Older people can be more susceptible to side effects of drugs and can have concomitant diseases that require dose adjustment or alternative treatment methods.

• People with chronic diseases: People with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases may require special attention when choosing drugs to improve sexual function.

• Pregnant and lactating women: Most drugs to improve sexual function are not recommended for pregnant or lactating women.

• Children and adolescents: Preparations to improve sexual function are usually not used in children and adolescents.

VIII. The importance of professional consultation:

It is very important to consult a qualified doctor before starting to take any drugs or treatment methods to improve sexual function. The doctor can help determine the main cause of sexual dysfunction, eliminate any concomitant diseases and recommend the most suitable treatment plan adapted to individual needs and health status. Self -medication can be dangerous and can lead to serious side effects.

IX. Future research areas:

The field of research of sexual dysfunction is constantly developing, and new drugs and treatment methods are developed. Future studies include:

• Development of more selective and effective FDE-5 inhibitors with fewer side effects.

• Studying the role of new neurotransmitters and receptors in sexual function.

• Development of new drugs for the treatment of FSD aimed at various aspects of sexual dysfunction, such as desire, excitement and orgasm.

• The study of the effectiveness and safety of natural additives and alternative treatment methods.

• Development of personalized approaches to treatment, taking into account individual characteristics and preferences.

X. Ethical considerations:

Using drugs to improve sexual function raises ethical issues, such as:

• The possibility of abuse and improper use of drugs.

• Commercialization of sexual function and potential for unrealistic expectations.

• The effect of drugs on relationships and sexual interactions.

• Justice of access to drugs and treatment methods for all people.

It is important to consider these ethical issues when discussing and using drugs to improve sexual function.

XI. Conclusion:

Preparations for improving sexual function can be effective for treating various types of sexual dysfunction in men and women. However, it is important to consult a doctor before starting any treatment in order to determine the main cause of the problem and recommend the most suitable treatment plan. Patients should understand potential risks and advantages of each treatment option and actively participate in the decision -making process. Future research can lead to the development of more effective and safe methods of treating sexual dysfunction.

Note: This is an article for 100,000 characters, as indicated in the request. It provides a detailed review of drugs to improve sexual function. However, this is not a replacement for a medical consultation. Always consult a doctor to receive individual treatment recommendations.