Liver and excess weight: interconnection

I. Fundamentals of liver functioning

The liver, the largest internal organ, performs hundreds of vital functions necessary to maintain health and well -being. Its role goes far beyond simple digestion; It acts as a central biochemical laboratory, processing, transforming and removing toxins and waste from the body. Understanding these fundamental functions is critical of awareness of the relationship between the liver and excess weight.

A. Metabolism of nutrients:

Metabolism of carbohydrates: The liver plays a key role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. It converts glucose into glycogen for storage, and then releases it back into the blood if necessary, maintaining the energy balance of the body. Violation of this function, for example, with insulin resistance, can lead to the accumulation of glucose in the blood and, as a result, to increase in weight.
Fat metabolism: The liver synthesizes lipoproteins, such as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which transport triglycerides (fats) to other fabrics for use as energy or storage. It is also involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids necessary for digestion and assimilation of fats. The liver dysfunction can disrupt the metabolism of fat, leading to the accumulation of fat in the liver (steatosis) and an increase in blood cholesterol.
Protein metabolism: The liver synthesizes blood plasma proteins, including albumin, which maintains blood pressure, and blood coagulation factors necessary to stop bleeding. It also participates in the deamination of amino acids, removing nitrogen and converting them into energy or other substances. Violation of protein metabolism can lead to protein deficiency in the body and other complications.

B. Detoxification:

The liver is the main organ of detoxification, neutralizing and removing toxins, medicines, alcohol and other harmful substances from the body. This process takes place in two stages:

Phase I detoxification: Enzymes of cytochrome P450 modify toxins, making them more water -soluble. This process can generate free radicals that can damage the liver cells.
Phase II detoxification (conjugation): Modified toxins are conjugated with other molecules such as glutation, sulfate or glycine, which makes them even more water -soluble and facilitates their excretion from the body with urine or bile.

When the liver is overloaded with toxins, its ability to effectively detoxify the body decreases, which can lead to the accumulation of toxins in adipose tissue and help increase weight.

C. Bile synthesis:

The liver synthesizes the bile, which is necessary for digestion and assimilation of fats. Bile emulsifies fats, splitting them into smaller drops, which are more easily absorbed by the enzymes of the pancreas. Bile acids also help to absorb fat -soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K). Violation of production or outflow of bile can lead to malabsorption of fats, deficiency of fat -soluble vitamins and other digestive problems.

D. Storage of vitamins and minerals:

The liver stores various vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, D, B12, iron and copper. These reserves are released into the blood if necessary, providing the body with the necessary nutrients.

E. Immune function:

The liver contains the cells of the Kupfer, which are macrophages that absorb bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances from the blood. This helps to protect the body from infections.

II. Non -alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAZBP): the main relationship between the liver and excess weight

PLABP is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who do not abuse alcohol. It is the most common liver disease in the world and is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

A. Patogenez Nažbp:

Insulin resistance: The key factor in the development of NAZBP. When the cells become less sensitive to insulin, the pancreas produces more insulin to maintain the normal level of glucose in the blood. A high level of insulin (hyperinsulinemia) stimulates the synthesis of fats in the liver (lipogenesis) and reduces the breakdown of fats (lipolysis), leading to the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes (liver cells).
The intake of fatty acids from adipose tissue: Visceral fat (fat surrounding organs of the abdominal cavity) is more metabolically active than subcutaneous fat, and releases more fatty acids into the bloodstream. These fatty acids enter the liver, contributing to the accumulation of fat.
A high content of fats and carbohydrates: Excessive calories consumption, especially from fats and carbohydrates, can overload the liver, increasing the synthesis of fats and contributing to the development of PLA.
Genetic predisposition: Some people are genetically more predisposed to the development of NAZBP. Certain genes involved in the metabolism of fats can affect the susceptibility to this disease.
Intestinal dysbiosis: Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiots can affect the intestinal permeability, allowing bacterial toxins (lipopolysaccharides – LPS) to enter the bloodstream and activate the inflammatory tracks in the liver, contributing to the development of NABP.

B. Stadium NAJBP:

ZAZHBP progresses in several stages:

Steatosis: The accumulation of fat in the liver (more than 5% of hepatocytes contain fatty inclusions). At this stage, there are usually no symptoms, and the disease can be detected by accident during ultrasound examination or blood tests.
Non -alcoholic steatogepatitis (nasG): Steatosis, accompanied by inflammation and damage to the liver cells. Nasg can cause fatigue, discomfort in the right hypochondrium and an increase in the level of liver enzymes in the blood.
Fibroz: The formation of cicatricial tissue in the liver in response to chronic inflammation and cell damage. Fibrosis can disrupt the normal structure and function of the liver.
Tsrosis: Heavy scarring of the liver, leading to irreversible organ damage. Cirrosis can cause many complications, including ascite (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity), varicose veins of the esophagus, liver encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to the accumulation of toxins) and liver cancer.

C. Diagnosis of NAZBP:

Blood tests: An increase in the level of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) may indicate damage to the liver cells. However, in some people with NAZBP, the level of hepatic enzymes may be normal.
Ultrasound study (ultrasound) of the liver: Allows you to visualize the liver and evaluate the presence of fat deposits.
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver: More accurate visualization methods that can help evaluate the degree of steatosis, fibrosis and other changes in the liver.
Biopsy baked: The most accurate diagnostic method for NAZBP, which allows to evaluate the degree of steatosis, inflammation, damage to cells and fibrosis. However, the liver biopsy is an invasive procedure and is performed only in certain cases.

D. Treatment of NAZBP:

Treatment of NAZBP is aimed at eliminating the main causes of the disease, such as obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Life change change: The most important aspect of the treatment of NASBP.
- Weight loss: Even a moderate weight loss (5-10% of the starting weight) can significantly improve the condition of the liver.
- Healthy diet: A low -fat diet, simple carbohydrates and treated products. Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and low -fat sources of protein.
- Regular physical exercises: Aerobic exercises (for example, walking, running, swimming) and strength training. At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intensive aerobic activity per week are recommended.
Medication:
- Metformin: A drug that increases insulin sensitivity.
- Pioglitazone: Another drug that increases insulin sensitivity.
- Vitamin E: An antioxidant that can help reduce inflammation in the liver.
- OCA OCA (OCA): The drug approved for the treatment of NASH with fibrosis.
- Other drugs: New preparations for the treatment of NABP are examined, including drugs that reduce triglycerides, antioxidants and drugs that affect the intestinal microbiota.
Surgical treatment (bariatric surgery): It can be considered for people with severe obesity and NAZBP, who do not respond to other treatment methods.

III. The influence of excess weight on the liver function

Excess weight, especially abdominal obesity (accumulation of fat in the abdomen), has a negative effect on the liver function, contributing to the development of NAZBP and other liver diseases.

A. Insulin resistance and lipogenesis:

Excess weight, especially visceral fat, is associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates the synthesis of fats in the liver and reduces the breakdown of fats, leading to the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes.

B. Inflammation:

Fat adolescence, especially visceral fat, is an endocrine organ that distinguishes pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as a factor of tumor-alpha necrosis (FINED) and Interlayykin-6 (IL-6). These cytokines contribute to inflammation in the liver, which can lead to damage to cells and the development of NAG.

C. Oxidative stress:

Excess weight is associated with increased oxidative stress, which occurs when the production of free radicals exceeds the body’s ability to neutralize them. Free radicals can damage the liver cells and contribute to the development of NAZH and fibrosis.

D. intestinal dysbiosis:

Excess weight can change the composition of the intestinal microbiota, increasing the number of bacteria producing LPS. LPS falls into the bloodstream and activate the inflammatory tracks in the liver, contributing to the development of NAZBP.

E. Violation of bile acid metabolism:

Excess weight can violate the metabolism of bile acids, which can lead to malabsorption of fats, a deficiency of fat -soluble vitamins and other digestive problems.

IV. Influence of liver function on excess weight

The liver dysfunction caused by NAZBP or other liver diseases can also help increase weight.

A. Violation of glucose metabolism:

Damage to the liver can violate its ability to regulate the level of glucose in the blood, leading to insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and weight gain.

B. Violation of fat metabolism:

Damage to the liver can violate its ability to synthesize and metabolize lipoproteins, which can lead to the accumulation of fat in the liver and increase the level of cholesterol in the blood.

C. Violation of detoxification:

Damage to the liver can reduce its ability to detoxify the body, which can lead to the accumulation of toxins in adipose tissue and contribute to weight gain.

D. Violation of the production of bile:

Damage to the liver can reduce its ability to produce bile, which can lead to malabsorption of fats and other problems with digestion that indirectly affects weight.

E. Hormonal Balance Violation:

The liver plays a role in hormones metabolism, such as estrogen and thyroid hormones. The liver dysfunction can disrupt the hormonal balance, which can affect metabolism and promote weight gain.

V. Other liver diseases and excess weight

In addition to NAZBP, other liver diseases can also be excessive weight.

A. Alcoholic liver disease (ABP):

Chronic abuse of alcohol can lead to ABP, which includes alcoholic steatosis (accumulation of fat in the liver), alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) and cirrhosis of the liver. Although many people with ABP lose weight in the late stages of the disease, in the early stages, alcoholic steatosis can contribute to weight gain. Alcohol itself contains many calories, and its metabolism in the liver can disrupt the metabolism of other nutrients, contributing to the accumulation of fat.

B. Hepatitis C:

Chronic hepatitis C can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. It can also be associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which can contribute to weight gain.

C. Primary Biliary Holangite (PBH):

PBH is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the bile ducts. Although weight loss is more common in the later stages of PBH, some studies show that PBH can be associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the early stages.

D. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSH):

PSH is another autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts. Like PBH, PSH can be associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

VI. Diet and food for the health of the liver and weight control

A healthy diet and proper nutrition play a key role in maintaining liver health and weight control.

A. General recommendations for nutrition:

Calorie consumption restriction: Creating a calorie deficit for weight loss.
The choice of solid, unprocessed products: Fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, low -fat sources of protein and healthy fats.
Limiting sugar consumption and treated carbohydrates: Sugar, soft drinks, sweets, pastries and other processed products.
Limiting the consumption of saturated and trans fats: Fatty meat, fried foods, treated snacks and pastries.
Increase in fiber consumption: Fruits, vegetables, whole grain products, legumes and nuts.
Consumption of sufficient amount of protein: Low -fat meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes and tofu.
Eating healthy fats: Olive oil, avocados, nuts and seeds.
Maintaining sufficient hydration: Drink enough water during the day.

B. Products useful for the liver:

Vegetables of the Cross -Belief family: Broccoli, colored cabbage, Brussels cabbage and cabbage contain compounds that support the detoxification of the liver.
Garlic and onions: They contain sulfur compounds, which also support the detoxification of the liver.
Green tea: Contains antioxidants that can protect the liver from damage.
Coffee: Studies show that coffee can reduce the risk of developing NAZBP and other liver diseases.
Olive oil: Contains mono -saturated fats that are useful for liver health.
Fish, rich omega-3 fatty acids: Salmon, tuna, mackerel and herring. Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce inflammation and improve liver health.
Nuts and seeds: Contain useful fats, fiber and antioxidants.
Avocado: Contains useful fats and fiber.
Beet: Contains antioxidants and compounds that can maintain the detoxification of the liver.
Grapefruit: Contains antioxidants and compounds that can maintain the detoxification of the liver (should be used with caution when taking certain drugs).

C. Products harmful to the liver:

Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the liver and lead to ABP.
Products with a high sugar content and treated carbohydrates: Sugar, soft drinks, sweets, pastries and other processed products can contribute to the development of NAZBP.
Products with a high content of saturated and trans fats: Fatty meat, fried foods, treated snacks and baking can contribute to the development of NAZBP.
Processed products with a high sodium content: Sodium can delay the liquid and aggravate the symptoms of cirrhosis.
Raw seafood: May contain bacteria or viruses that can cause liver infections.

D. Dietary additives:

Some dietary supplements can be useful for liver health, but it is important to consult a doctor before using them.

Milk thistle: Contains silimarin, an antioxidant that can protect the liver from damage.
NAC (N-Acetylcistein): Glutation precursor, a powerful antioxidant necessary for the detoxification of the liver.
S-adenosylmetionine (SAME): It can help improve liver function and reduce inflammation.
Kholin: It is necessary for fat metabolism and can help prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver.
Curcumin: Contains turmeric, which have antioxidant and anti -inflammatory properties.
Probiotics: They can help improve the composition of the intestinal microbiota and reduce inflammation in the liver.

VII. Physical exercises and activity activity and weight control

Regular physical exercises and activity play an important role in maintaining liver health and weight control.

A. The advantages of physical exercises for the liver:

Weight loss: Physical exercises help to burn calories and reduce weight, which can improve the condition of the liver with PLAP.
Increased insulin sensitivity: Physical exercises increase insulin sensitivity, which can reduce the risk of developing NAZBP and type 2 diabetes.
Reduced inflammation: Physical exercises can reduce the level of inflammatory cytokines, such as FNI α and IL-6, which can improve the state of the liver at NASG.
Improving fat metabolism: Physical exercises can improve fat metabolism, which can help reduce the accumulation of fat in the liver.
Reducing oxidative stress: Physical exercises can increase the level of antioxidants in the body, which can help protect the liver from damage.

B. Types of physical exercises:

Aerobic exercises: Walking, running, swimming, cycling and other types of exercises that increase heart rate and improve breathing. At least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intensive aerobic activity per week are recommended.
Power training: Lift weights, work with elastic ribbons and other types of exercises that strengthen the muscles. Power training helps to increase insulin sensitivity and improve metabolism. It is recommended to perform strength training at least twice a week.
Flexibility exercises: Stretching, yoga and other types of exercises that improve flexibility and mobility.

C. Recommendations on physical activity:

Start slowly and gradually increase the intensity and duration of the exercises.
Choose the types of exercises that you like so that it is easier for you to adhere to a regular training program.
Consult a doctor before the start of a new exercise program, especially if you have any diseases.
In addition to regular training, try to be more active throughout the day. For example, walk or on a bicycle instead of driving by car, climb the stairs instead of an elevator and take breaks in work to get used to it.

VIII. Medication and surgery for liver health and weight control

In some cases, drug treatment or surgery may be required to improve liver health and control weight.

A. Drug treatment:

Drugs that increase insulin sensitivity: Metformin and Pioglitazone can help improve the condition of the liver with UZHBP, increasing sensitivity to insulin and reducing blood glucose.
Vitamin E: Antioxidant, which can help reduce inflammation in the liver at NAG.
OCA OCA (OCA): The drug approved for the treatment of NASH with fibrosis.
Preparations that reduce the level of triglycerides: Fibrates and omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood and improve the condition of the liver with PLA.
Other drugs: New preparations for the treatment of NABP are examined, including drugs that affect the intestinal microbiota, antioxidants and drugs that reduce cholesterol.

B. Surgical treatment (bariatric surgery):

Bariatric surgery, such as gastric shunting or sleeve resection of the stomach, can be considered for people with severe obesity and NAZBP, which do not respond to other methods of treatment. Bariatric surgery can lead to a significant weight loss and improving the state of the liver, including a decrease in steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. However, bariatric surgery is an invasive procedure and is associated with certain risks and complications.

IX. Prevention of liver and obesity diseases

The prevention of liver and obesity diseases includes the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, which includes proper nutrition, regular physical exercises and avoiding bad habits.

A. Prevention Strategies:

Maintaining a healthy weight: Weight loss if you have overweight or obesity.
Healthy diet: A low -fat diet, simple carbohydrates and treated products. Increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grain products and low -fat sources of protein.
Regular physical exercises: Aerobic exercises and strength training.
Alcohol use restriction: Or a complete rejection of alcohol.
Avoiding smoking: Smoking can damage the liver and contribute to the development of liver diseases.
Vaccination against hepatitis A and hepatitis B: Vaccination can protect against these viral infections of the liver.
Regular medical examinations: For the early detection and treatment of liver diseases.

X. Conclusion

The relationship between the liver and excess weight is complex and multifaceted. ZABP is the most common liver disease in the world and is closely related to obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Excess weight can contribute to the development of NABP and other liver diseases, and liver dysfunction can help increase weight. A healthy lifestyle, which includes proper nutrition, regular physical exercises and avoiding bad habits, is crucial for maintaining liver health and weight control. In some cases, drug treatment or surgery may be required. Early detection and treatment of liver diseases can help prevent the progression of the disease and improve the prognosis.

Liver and excess weight: interconnection

Leave a Reply Cancel reply