Dietary supplements for thyroid diseases

Dietary supplements for thyroid diseases: complex review

Chapter 1: thyroid gland: Fundamentals of functioning and disease

1. 1. Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland:
   • Mood: The thyroid gland is a small organ of the endocrine system, located in the front of the neck, directly under the larynx. It consists of two shares connected by the isthmus.
   • Structure: Microscopically thyroid gland consists of follicles – spherical structures filled with colloid containing thyroidoglobulin – the precursor of thyroid hormones. Cells lining follicles are called tyrocytes, and they are responsible for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. There are also C-cells that secure calcitonin, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood.
   • Functions: The main function of the thyroid gland is the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodotiron (T3). These hormones play a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, growth and development of the body, thermogenesis, the functioning of the cardiovascular, nervous and reproductive systems.
2. 2. Tireoid hormones: synthesis, transport and metabolism:

   • Synthesis: The synthesis of thyroid hormones is a complex process that includes several stages:

     • Idoing iodine: Tyrocytes actively capture iodine from the blood.
     • Iodine oxidation: Iodine is oxidized under the influence of the enzyme of thyroid peroxidase (TPO).
     • Tyrosin iodine: The oxidized iodine is associated with the molecules of tyrosine, which are part of thyroidoglobulin. This process is called iodine and leads to the formation of mono- and diodtirosine (mit and child).
     • Condensation: Molecules of Mit and Dit are condensed, forming T3 (MIT + DIT) and T4 (child + child).
     • Tireoglobulin proteolysis: Tireoglobulin with T3 and T4 is stored in colloid. If necessary, thyroidoglobulin is subjected to proteolysis, releasing T3 and T4 into the bloodstream.

   • Transport: In the blood of T3 and T4 are transported mainly in a related state with carrier proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TSG), transistigeret and albumin. Only a small part of hormones circulates in free form (free T3 and free T4), which is biologically active.

   • Metabolism: T4 is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, but it is less active than the T3. In the peripheral tissues, the T4 is converted into T3 under the action of the deydinase enzyme. Also, T4 can turn into an inactive reverse T3 (RT3). The regulation of the activity of Deodinas plays an important role in maintaining an adequate T3 level in various fabrics.

3. 3. Regulation of thyroid function:
   • Hypotalamo-pituitary-given axis: The function of the thyroid gland is regulated by a hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The hypothalamus secrete thyreotropin-releasing hormone (TRG), which stimulates the pituitary gland to the secretion of thyroidropic hormone (TSH). TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid gland to the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4.
   • Feedback: The level of T3 and T4 in the blood affects the secretion of TRG and TSH on the principle of feedback. The high level of T3 and T4 suppresses the secretion of TRG and TSH, and the low level stimulates it.
   • Autoregulation: The thyroid gland also has auto -regulation mechanisms that allow it to adapt to changes in the intake of iodine.
4. 4. The main diseases of the thyroid gland:

   • Hypothyroidism: The condition characterized by the insufficient function of the thyroid gland and the deficiency of thyroid hormones. The causes of hypothyroidism can be different:

     • Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease): The most common cause of hypothyroidism in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.
     • Postoperative hypothyroidism: It develops after the removal of part or the entire thyroid gland.
     • Iodine -deficiency: Lack of iodine in nutrition.
     • Taking some drugs: For example, amiodarone, lithium.
     • Congenital hypothyroidism: It develops in newborns in case of impaired development or functioning of the thyroid gland.

   • Hypertreenineosis: The condition characterized by the excessive function of the thyroid gland and the excess of thyroid hormones. The causes of hyperthyroidism can be different:

     • Graves disease (diffuse toxic goiter): Autoimmune disease in which the immune system stimulates the thyroid gland to excessive secretion of hormones.
     • Toxic multi -native goiter: The presence in the thyroid gland of autonomously functioning nodes that secrete hormones.
     • Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to the temporary release of a large number of hormones.
     • An overdose of thyroid hormones: In the treatment of hypothyroidism.

   • Nodal goiter: The presence of one or more nodes in the thyroid gland. Nodes can be benign or malignant.

   • Tireoidites: Inflammatory diseases of the thyroid gland, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease), subacute thyroiditis (thyroiditis de Kerven), postpartum thyroiditis.

   • Thyroid cancer: The malignant neoplasm of the thyroid gland.

Chapter 2: The role of nutrition and trace elements in the thyroid function

2. 1. Iodine: an indispensable trace element for the synthesis of thyroid hormones:
   • The mechanism of action: Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones. Its disadvantage leads to a violation of the synthesis of T3 and T4 and a compensatory increase in TSH secretion, which can lead to the development of goiter and hypothyroidism.
   • Sources of iodine: The main sources of iodine are iodized salt, seafood (sea fish, algae), dairy products, eggs.
   • Recommended daily dose: The recommended daily dose of iodine is 150 μg for adults, 220 μg for pregnant women and 290 μg for nursing women.
   • Iodine deficiency states: Iodine deficiency is a common problem in many regions of the world. It can lead to various disturbances, including goiter, hypothyroidism, mental retardation in children.
   • Excess iodine: Excessive iodine consumption can also be harmful and lead to the development of hyperthyroidism or autoimmune thyroiditis in predisposed persons.
3. 2. Selenium: Antioxidant and Daodianaz coat:
   • The mechanism of action: Selenium is an important trace element that plays the role of antioxidant and cofactor of Deodinas enzymes, which converts T4 in T3. It also participates in the protection of the thyroid gland from damage to free radicals.
   • Sources of Selena: The main sources of selenium are Brazilian nuts, seafood, meat, eggs, grain products.
   • Recommended daily dose: The recommended daily dose of selenium is 55 mcg for adults.
   • Selenodefia: Selena deficiency can worsen the function of the thyroid gland, especially with autoimmune thyroiditis.
   • Selenium and autoimmune thyroiditis: Reception of selenium in the form of additives can be useful for patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, since it can reduce the level of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO).
4. 3. Zinc: participation in the synthesis and activation of thyroid hormones:
   • The mechanism of action: Zinc is involved in the synthesis of TRG and TSH, as well as in T4 conversion in T3. It is also necessary for the normal functioning of the immune system.
   • Sources of zinc: The main sources of zinc are meat, seafood, nuts, seeds, legumes.
   • Recommended daily dose: The recommended daily dose of zinc is 11 mg for men and 8 mg for women.
   • Zinc deficiency: Zinc deficiency can lead to a decrease in the level of T3 and increase the level of RT3.
5. 4. Iron: The need for the work of thyroid peroxidase:
   • The mechanism of action: Iron is necessary for the normal operation of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), an enzyme involved in the iodine of tyrosine. Iron deficiency can worsen the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
   • Iron sources: The main sources of iron are meat, liver, legumes, dark green vegetables.
   • Recommended daily dose: The recommended daily dose of iron is 8 mg for men and 18 mg for women in reproductive age.
   • Iron deficiency: Iron deficiency is a common problem, especially in women. It can lead to anemia and a deterioration in the function of the thyroid gland.
6. 5. Vitamin D: effect on the immune system and function of the thyroid gland:
   • The mechanism of action: Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system and can affect the risk of developing autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis.
   • Sources of vitamin D: The main sources of vitamin D are sunlight, oily fish, egg yolk, enriched products.
   • Recommended daily dose: The recommended daily dose of vitamin D is 600-800 IU for adults.
   • Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem and can be associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune thyroid diseases.
7. 6. Other important nutrients:
   • B vitamins B: Participate in the metabolism of thyroid hormones and maintaining the function of the nervous system.
   • Vitamin A: It is necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland and T4 conversions in T3.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids: They have anti -inflammatory properties and can be useful for autoimmune thyroid diseases.
   • Magnesium: Participates in T4 conversion in T3 and maintaining the function of the nervous system.

Chapter 3: Dietary supplements used for thyroid diseases: review and scientific rationale

8. 1. Iodine dietary supplements:
   • Composition: Usually contain potassium iodide or seaweed extract rich in iodine.
   • Indications: They are used for the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency, including goiter and hypothyroidism.
   • Contraindications: Hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis (in some cases), increased sensitivity to iodine.
   • Cautions: It is necessary to observe the recommended dosage, since the excess of iodine can be harmful. It is not recommended to use without consulting a doctor for autoimmune thyroid diseases.
   • Examples: Iodized salt, iodomarin, potassium iodide.
9. 2. Dietary supplements containing selenium:
   • Composition: Usually contain selenometyonin or sodium selenite.
   • Indications: They are used to maintain the function of the thyroid gland, especially with autoimmune thyroiditis. They can reduce the level of antibodies to TPO.
   • Contraindications: Increased sensitivity to selenium.
   • Cautions: It is necessary to observe the recommended dosage, since the excess selenium can be toxic.
   • Examples: Selenium-Activ, complivates selenium, zincite selenium.
10. 3. Dietary dietary supplements containing L-tyrosine:
    • Composition: Contain the amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the precursor of thyroid hormones.
    • Indications: They are used as an additional tool to maintain the function of the thyroid gland for hypothyroidism.
    • Contraindications: Hyperthyroidism, phenylketonuria, simultaneous intake of MAO inhibitors.
    • Cautions: You should consult a doctor before use, especially in the presence of diseases of the cardiovascular system.
    • Examples: L-tyrosine (various manufacturers).
11. 4. Plant extracts containing:
    • Composition: They may contain white cinquefoil extracts (Potentilla alba), Fucus Bubble (Fucus Vesiculosus), Ashvagandy (Withania Somnifera) and other plants.
    • Indications: They are used to maintain the function of the thyroid gland, improve metabolism and reduce stress.
    • Contraindications: Individual intolerance, pregnancy, breastfeeding (for some plants).
    • Cautions: It is necessary to consult a doctor before use, as some plants can interact with drugs.
    • Examples: Tireo-Vit (white cinquefoil), endonorm (extracts of various plants).
12. 5. Bades containing vitamins and minerals (complex):
    • Composition: Contain a combination of vitamins (D, B12, A), minerals (zinc, iron, magnesium, copper) and other nutrients.
    • Indications: They are used to maintain general health and normalize the function of the thyroid gland.
    • Contraindications: Individual intolerance to components.
    • Cautions: It is necessary to take into account the presence of other diseases and drugs taken.
    • Examples: Alphabet, complivitis, vitrum.

Chapter 4: Scientific data on the effectiveness of dietary supplements in thyroid diseases

13. 1. Iodine and iodine deficiency hypothyroidism:
    • Evidence base: Numerous studies confirm iodine effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency hypothyroidism and goiter. Salt iodine is an effective measure of public health care for the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases.
    • Clinical research: Studies show that the intake of iodine in the form of additives can improve the function of the thyroid gland in patients with iodine deficiency, reduce TSH levels and reduce the size of the goiter.
14. 2. Selenium and autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease):
    • Evidence base: Some studies show that taking selenium in the form of additives can reduce the level of antibodies to TPO in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
    • Clinical research: The meta-analyzes of clinical studies indicate that selenium intake can improve the well-being of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and reduce the need for levothyroxine. However, it must be borne in mind that the effect of selenium can be individual and depends on the level of selenium in the body before taking additives.
15. 3. Zinc and thyroid function:
    • Evidence base: Studies show that zinc deficiency can negatively affect the function of the thyroid gland.
    • Clinical research: Several studies indicate that the use of zinc in the form of additives can improve the function of the thyroid gland in patients with zinc deficiency, however, additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
16. 4. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases:
    • Evidence base: Studies show that vitamin D deficiency can be associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis.
    • Clinical research: Some studies indicate that vitamin D intake in the form of additives can reduce antibodies to TPO and improve thyroid function in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and vitamin D deficiency. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
17. 5. L-tyrosine and hypothyroidism:
    • Evidence base: Theoretically, L-tyrosine can be useful for maintaining the function of the thyroid gland, as it is the precursor of thyroid hormones.
    • Clinical research: Clinical studies that evaluate the effectiveness of L-type with hypothyroidism are limited and do not give unambiguous results. Additional studies are needed to determine the role of L-grosine in the treatment of hypothyroidism.
18. 6. Plant dietary supplement and thyroid function:
    • White cinquefoil (Potentilla alba): Some studies show that white cinquefoil extract can be useful for the treatment of nodal goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results and determine the optimal dosage.
    • Ashwaganda (withania somnifera): Studies show that Ashvagand can improve the function of the thyroid gland in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. However, additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
    • Fucus bubble (Fucus vesiculosus): Fucus bubble contains iodine and can be useful for the treatment of iodine deficiency hypothyroidism. However, it must be borne in mind that the content of iodine in various drugs of the bubble fukus can vary, and caution must be observed in order to avoid excessive iodine consumption.

Chapter 5: Practical recommendations for the use of dietary supplements for thyroid diseases

19. 1. Consultation with a doctor:
    • The need for consultation: Before taking any dietary supplements with thyroid diseases, it is necessary to consult an endocrinologist.
    • Assessment of the state of the thyroid gland: The doctor will conduct an examination, including blood tests for thyroid hormones (TS, T4, T3, antibodies to TPO, antibodies to thyroidoglobulin), thyroid ultrasound, and other studies, if necessary.
    • Individual recommendations: Based on the results of the examination, the doctor will give individual recommendations for the use of dietary supplements, taking into account the characteristics of the disease, related diseases and the drugs taken.
20. 2. The choice of high -quality dietary supplements:
    • Certification: When choosing dietary supplements, you should give preference to products that have quality certificates and controlled control.
    • Composition: It is important to carefully study the composition of the dietary supplement and make sure that it contains the necessary nutrients in an adequate dosage.
    • Manufacturer: You should choose dietary supplements from well -known and reliable manufacturers.
    • Reviews: It is useful to familiarize yourself with the reviews of other users about this product.
21. 3. Dosage compliance:
    • Dosage importance: It is necessary to strictly observe the recommended dosage of the dietary supplement indicated on the package or prescribed by the doctor.
    • Prevention of an overdose: An overdose of some nutrients, such as iodine and selenium, can be harmful.
22. 4. Accounting for interaction with drugs:
    • Interaction: Some dietary supplements can interact with drugs, reducing or increasing their effect.
    • Information for the doctor: It is necessary to inform the doctor about all the dietary supplements in order to avoid undesirable interactions.
23. 5. Monitoring of the thyroid state:
    • Regular analyzes: During the use of dietary supplements, it is necessary to regularly take blood tests for thyroid hormones to control the effectiveness of treatment and timely correction of the dose of drugs.
    • Appeal to the doctor: If any undesirable symptoms appear, consult a doctor.
24. 6. Individual approach:
    • Features of the body: Each organism is individual, and the effectiveness of dietary supplements can vary.
    • Observation of the reaction of the body: It is important to carefully monitor the reaction of the body to the intake of dietary supplements and adjust the dosage or composition on the recommendation of a doctor.

Chapter 6: Diet and lifestyle in thyroid diseases

25. 1. General principles of nutrition:
    • Balanced nutrition: Food should be balanced and include enough proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
    • Variety of products: It is important to use a variety of products to provide the body with all the necessary nutrients.
    • Restriction of processed products: The consumption of processed products containing a lot of sugar, salt and trans fats should be limited.
    • A sufficient amount of fiber: It is important to use a sufficient amount of fiber contained in vegetables, fruits and whole grains to maintain normal digestive system.
26. 2. Products useful for the thyroid gland:
    • Seafood: Sea fish, algae (Laminaria, spirulina) – sources of iodine and Selena.
    • Brazilian nuts: The rich source of Selena.
    • Eggs: Contain iodine, selenium and vitamin D.
    • Meat: Source of iron and zinc.
    • Vegetables and fruits: Contain vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.
27. 3. Products that should be avoided or limited:
    • Cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, colored cabbage, Brussels cabbage): In large quantities, iodine may impede the absorption of iodine. It is recommended to consume boiled form.
    • Soy: Contains isoflavons that can affect the function of the thyroid gland.
    • Gluten (for people with celiac disease or sensitivity to gluten): Can strengthen autoimmune processes.
    • Processed products: They contain a lot of sugar, salt and trans fats that can negatively affect general health.
28. 4. Life and stress:
    • Stress: Chronic stress can negatively affect the function of the thyroid gland. It is important to learn how to cope with stress using relaxation techniques, meditation, yoga.
    • Dream: A sufficient sleep (7-8 hours a day) is necessary to maintain the normal operation of the endocrine system.
    • Physical activity: Regular physical activity improves metabolism and general health.
    • Refusal of smoking: Smoking negatively affects the function of the thyroid gland and the general state of health.

Chapter 7: New directions in dietary supplements in thyroid diseases

29. 1. Personalized approach to the use of dietary supplements:
    • Genomic research: The study of genetic factors affecting the function of the thyroid gland and susceptibility to various diseases can help develop personalized recommendations for the use of dietary supplements.
    • Microbia: Studies show that the state of the intestinal microbioma can affect the function of the thyroid gland. The study of the effects of probiotics and prebiotics on the function of the thyroid gland is a promising direction.
30. 2. New plant dietary supplements:
    • Search for new plants: The search for new plants with properties that are useful for the thyroid gland continues.
    • Study of action mechanisms: It is important to study the mechanisms of the action of plant dietary supplements at the cellular and molecular level.
31. 3. Nanotechnology in the development of dietary supplements:
    • Improving bioavailability: Nanotechnologies can be used to improve the bioavailability of nutrients contained in dietary supplements.
    • Targeted delivery: Nanoparticles can be used for targeted delivery of nutrients to the thyroid gland.
32. 4. Integrative approach:
    • Combining various methods: It is important to use an integrative approach to the treatment of thyroid diseases, combining traditional treatment methods using dietary supplements, dietotherapy and a change in lifestyle.

Chapter 8: Responsibility and ethics of the use of dietary supplements

33. 1. Informed consent:
    • Providing information: It is necessary to provide patients with complete and reliable information about dietary supplements, including their composition, indications, contraindications, side effects and possible interactions with drugs.
    • Decision adoption: The patient should be able to independently decide on the use of dietary supplements on the basis of the information received.
34. 2. Avoiding unreasonable promises:
    • Realistic expectations: Unreasonable promises of the effectiveness of dietary supplements should not be given to patients. It is important to emphasize that dietary supplements are an additional tool and do not replace the main treatment.
    • Scientific justification: It is necessary to based recommendations for the use of dietary supplements on scientific data.
35. 3. Transparency and honesty:
    • Disclosure of information: It is necessary to disclose information about any financial interests related to the production or sale of dietary supplements.
    • Avoiding conflict of interests: Situations should be avoided when personal interests can affect the recommendations for the use of dietary supplements.
36. 4. Responsibility for the results:
    • Monitoring: It is necessary to monitor the condition of patients taking dietary supplements and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
    • Correction: If necessary, the dose or dietary supplement composition should be adjusted.
37. 5. Compliance with legislation:
    • Bad regulation: It is necessary to comply with the legislation regulating the production and sale of dietary supplements.
    • Normative documents: It is important to know and comply with the requirements of regulatory documents regarding the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements.

Chapter 9: Drunts and myths about dietary supplements in thyroid diseases

38. 1. “Bades are a panacea from all thyroid diseases.”
    • Reality: Bades are not a replacement for drug therapy for serious thyroid diseases. They can be a useful addition to the main treatment, but are not able to completely cure diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer.
39. 2. “All dietary supplements are absolutely safe, as these are natural products.”
    • Reality: “Natural” does not always mean “safe”. Some plant components can cause side effects or interact with drugs. In addition, dietary supplements do not undergo strict quality control, like drugs, which increases the risk of impurities or inconsistencies in the declared composition.
40. 3. “The larger the dose of Bad, the better the effect.”
    • Reality: Exceeding the recommended dose of dietary supplements can be harmful and lead to undesirable side effects. Some nutrients, such as iodine and selenium, can be toxic in large doses. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult a doctor.
41. 4. “Bad can be taken without consulting a doctor.”
    • Reality: For diseases of the thyroid gland, self -medication is unacceptable. Acceptance of dietary supplements without consulting a doctor can lead to a deterioration in the condition, delay in making the correct diagnosis and prescribing adequate treatment.
42. 5. “All dietary supplements are equally effective.”
    • Reality: The effectiveness of dietary supplements depends on its composition, quality, dosage and individual characteristics of the body. Not all dietary supplements presented in the market have proven effectiveness. It is important to choose dietary supplements from reliable manufacturers and consult a doctor.

Chapter 10: The future of dietary supplements in maintaining the health of the thyroid gland

43. 1. A deeper understanding of the role of trace elements:
    • Research: Additional studies are needed to identify new trace elements and nutrients that play an important role in the function of the thyroid gland.
    • Action mechanisms: It is important to study the mechanisms of the action of trace elements at the cellular and molecular level.
44. 2. Development of dietary supplements taking into account individual needs:
    • Personalized medicine: The development of personalized medicine will develop dietary supplements taking into account the genetic characteristics, the state of microbioma and other individual factors.
    • Diagnostic tests: Diagnostic tests are needed to determine the deficiency of specific nutrients and the appointment of dietary supplements aimed at replenishing this deficit.
45. 3. Improving the quality and safety of dietary supplements:
    • Strict control: More strict quality control of dietary supplements from the regulatory authorities is needed.
    • Standardization: The standardization of the production of dietary supplements is important to ensure their safety and efficiency.
46. 4. Integration of dietary supplements in the complex treatment of thyroid diseases:
    • Clinical recommendations: It is necessary to develop clinical recommendations on the use of dietary supplements for various diseases of the thyroid gland.
    • Doctors’ training: It is important to teach doctors to modern knowledge about dietary supplements and their role in maintaining health