Antibiotics and microbias: how to restore balance

Antibiotics and microbias: how to restore balance

Section 1: Antibiotics: Miracle and threat to microbioma

Antibiotics are undoubtedly one of the greatest achievements of medicine of the 20th century. Their discovery and widespread use revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, saving millions of lives and significantly improving the quality of life. However, this medal has the opposite side. Antibiotics, destroying pathogenic bacteria, do not spare useful microorganisms that inhabit our body. This leads to an imbalance in a microbiome – a complex and diverse community of microorganisms, which plays a key role in maintaining human health.

1.1. Antibiotic action mechanism and effect on microbia

Antibiotics act selectively, affecting bacteria based on various mechanisms:

• Inhibition of the synthesis of the cell wall: For example, penicillins and cephalosporins disrupt the formation of peptidlycan, the main component of the bacterial cell wall. This leads to the destruction of the cell and its death.
• Dysfunction of the protein synthesis: Antibiotics, such as tetracycline, macrolides and aminoglycosides, intervene in the broadcast process, disrupting the synthesis of protein on bacteria ribosomes. Without proteins, bacteria cannot function and multiply.
• Inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids: Antibiotics, such as chinolons and rifampicin, prevent the synthesis of DNA and RNA necessary for the propagation and functioning of bacteria.
• Violation of metabolic tracks: Some antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, block the metabolic pathways necessary for the survival of bacteria, for example, folic acid synthesis.

Influence on microbias:

• Reducing variety: Antibiotics can significantly reduce the variety of the microbial community, destroying some species and allowing other, more stable, multiply.
• Balance violation: The ratio of various types of bacteria changes, leading to the predominance of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, such as Clostridium difficile, Candida albicanswhich normally restrained by useful microflora.
• Change in metabolic activity: Antibiotics can disrupt the metabolic activity of microbioma, reducing the production of important substances such as short -chain fatty acids (KVK), vitamins and other beneficial metabolites.
• Development of resistance: The widespread use of antibiotics contributes to the development of resistance in bacteria. Bacteria acquire genes of resistance to antibiotics, which makes them immune to treatment. These genes can be transmitted between bacteria, spreading stability even to new antibiotics.

1.2. Factors affecting the degree of exposure to antibiotics on microbiom

The degree of exposure to antibiotics on a microbia depends on a number of factors:

• Type of antibiotics: Antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate, cephalosporin, have a stronger effect on microbia than antibiotics of a narrow spectrum of action, designed to destroy specific types of bacteria.
• Dose and duration of treatment: The higher the dose of the antibiotic and the longer the course of treatment, the stronger the effect on the microbia.
• The path of introduction: Antibiotics taken orally have a stronger effect on the intestinal microbia than antibiotics administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
• Age and health: Children and elderly people, as well as people with weakened immunity, are more susceptible to the negative effects of antibiotics on a microbia.
• Individual features: The composition of the microbioma, genetic factors, diet and lifestyle of a person can affect the reaction of the body to antibiotics.
• Related diseases: The presence of chronic diseases, such as inflammatory diseases of the intestine (OZK), can enhance the negative effects of antibiotics on microbioma.
• Using other drugs: Some drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (IPP), can increase the risk of dysbiosis after taking antibiotics.

1.3. The consequences of an imbalance of microbioma caused by antibiotics

The imbalance of microbioma caused by antibiotics can lead to various negative health consequences:

• Diarrhea associated with antibiotics: The most common side effect of antibiotics is diarrhea, which can be caused by various factors, including impaired microbioma balance and reproduction Clostridium difficile.
• Infection Clostridium difficile (CDI): CDI is a serious complication of antibiotic therapy, especially in older people and people with weakened immunity. Clostridium difficile – This is a bacterium, which is normally present in a small amount in the intestines, but after taking antibiotics that destroy a useful microflora, it can multiply and cause severe diarrhea, colitis and even death.
• Irritable intestine syndrome (SRK): Some studies show that antibiotics can increase the risk of the development of SRK or aggravate its symptoms.
• Inflammatory diseases of the intestine (BCC): Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of microbioma and contribute to the development or exacerbation of OKK, such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
• Allergic diseases: Violation of a microbioma at an early age associated with the use of antibiotics can increase the risk of allergic diseases such as asthma, eczema and food allergies.
• Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Some studies show that antibiotics can affect the composition of the microbioma and contribute to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
• Autoimmune diseases: Violation of a microbioma can play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes.
• Depression and anxiety: More and more data indicates that intestinal microbia can affect mental health, and a violation of a microbioma caused by antibiotics can contribute to the development of depression and anxiety.
• Reduced immunity: Microbia plays an important role in the development and functioning of the immune system, and a microbioma violation caused by antibiotics can weaken immunity and increase susceptibility to infections.

Section 2: Strategies for the restoration of microbioma after taking antibiotics

The restoration of a microbioma after taking antibiotics is an important process that can help prevent or alleviate the negative consequences of dysbiosis. There are several strategies that can be used to restore the balance of a microbioma.

2.1. Diet contributing to the growth of useful microflora

The diet plays a key role in the formation and maintenance of a healthy microbioma. After taking antibiotics, it is especially important to use products that contribute to the growth of useful microflora.

• Prebiotics: Prebiotics are undigested dietary fiber that serve as food for beneficial bacteria in the intestines. They stimulate the growth and activity of useful microorganisms, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Good sources of prebiotics are:
  • Vegetables: Onions, garlic, asparagus, artichokes, chicory, Jerusalem artichoke.
  • Fruits: Bananas, apples, berries.
  • Whole grains: Oats, barley, rye.
  • Legumes: Beans, peas, lentils.
• Products rich in fiber: Fiber, like prebiotics, is indigestible carbohydrate, which contributes to the growth of beneficial bacteria and improves digestion. Use a lot of vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes.
• Enzymed products: Enzymed products contain living cultures of beneficial bacteria, which can help restore microbias. Such products include:
  • Yogurt: Choose natural yogurt without adding sugar and with living and active crops.
  • Kefir: Kefir is a sour -milk drink rich in probiotics.
  • Sauerkraut: Sved cabbage is a fermented vegetable rich in lactobacilli.
  • Kimchi: Kimchi is a Korean dish of fermented vegetables, usually cabbage.
  • Misso: Miso is a Japanese paste of fermented soybeans.
  • Tea mushroom (comable): Combuche is a fermented tea drink containing probiotics.
• Limiting sugar and processed products: Sugar and processed products can contribute to the growth of harmful bacteria and yeast in the intestines, so they should be limited.
• Increase in water consumption: Sufficient water consumption helps to maintain the normal function of the intestine and promotes the growth of useful microflora.

2.2. Probiotics: help in the settlement of the intestines with useful bacteria

Probiotics are living microorganisms, which, when used in sufficient quantities, have a favorable effect on the health of the owner. They can help restore microbias after taking antibiotics, populating the intestines with useful bacteria and displacing pathogenic microorganisms.

• Choosing probiotics: When choosing probiotics, it is important to consider several factors:
  • Types and strains of bacteria: Different types and strains of bacteria have different properties and can have a different effect on health. The most common and studied probiotics are lactobacteria (Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium).
  • The number of bacteria (COU): The amount of bacteria in a probiotic supplement is measured in the colony -forming units (CFU). To achieve the effect, at least 1-10 billion is usually required.
  • Resistance to gastric acid and bile: It is important that probiotics are resistant to gastric acid and bile so that they can survive and reach the intestines.
  • Reputation manufacturer: Choose probiotics from reliable manufacturers that guarantee the quality and safety of products.
• When to take probiotics: Probiotics are recommended to be taken during or immediately after the course of antibiotics. This can help prevent the development of dysbiosis and accelerate the restoration of microbioma.
• Duration of admission: The duration of the intake of probiotics depends on the individual needs and reaction of the body. In most cases, it is recommended to take probiotics for several weeks or months after the course of antibiotics.
• Output form: Probiotics are available in various forms of release, including capsules, tablets, powders and liquids. Choose the form that is most convenient for you.
• Side effects: In rare cases, probiotics can cause side effects, such as bloating, gases and diarrhea. Usually these side effects take place on their own within a few days.

2.3. Transplantation of fecal microbiots (TFM): extreme measure

Transplantation of fecal microbiots (TFM) is a procedure in which the feces of a healthy donor are transferred to the intestines of the recipient. TFM is an effective method of treating recurrent infection Clostridium difficile And it can be considered in cases where other treatment methods do not help.

• Indications for TFM: The main indication for TFM is a recurrent infection Clostridium difficileunable to treat antibiotics.
• TFM procedure: The TFM procedure includes several stages:
  • Choosing a donor: The donor must be a healthy person who does not have infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.
  • Preparation of donor material: The donor feces are processed to remove large particles and filtration.
  • Introduction of donor material: Donor material is introduced into the intestines of the recipient using colonoscopy, gastroscopy or nazintestinal probe.
• Risk and side effects of TFM: TFM, like any medical procedure, is associated with certain risks and side effects, such as:
  • Infectious complications: There is a risk of transmission of infectious diseases from the donor to the recipient.
  • Gastrointestinal disorders: After TFM, bloating, gases and diarrhea may be observed.
  • The risk of developing autoimmune diseases: There is a theoretical risk of developing autoimmune diseases after TFM, but this requires further research.

2.4. Other approaches to the restoration of microbioma

In addition to a diet, probiotics and TFM, there are other approaches that can help restore microbias after taking antibiotics:

• Physical activity: Physical activity positively affects the composition and variety of microbioma.
• Reducing stress levels: Stress can negatively affect a microbia, so it is important to learn how to manage stress.
• Refusal of smoking: Smoking negatively affects microbias.
• Restriction of medication affecting microbias: Some drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (IPP) and non -steroidal anti -inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can negatively affect the microbia, so their intake should be limited.
• Thorough hygiene: Careful hygiene helps to prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms.

Section 3: Prevention of dysbiosis associated with antibiotics

Prevention of dysbiosis associated with antibiotics is an important task that can help reduce the risk of negative consequences of antibiotic therapy.

3.1. Reasonable use of antibiotics

The most important step in preventing dysbiosis is the reasonable use of antibiotics. Antibiotics should be taken only as prescribed by a doctor and only in cases where they are really necessary.

• Do not take antibiotics for viral infections: Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, such as colds and flu.
• Do not use antibiotics for prevention: Antibiotics should not be used to prevent infections, with the exception of cases when it is recommended by a doctor.
• Follow the dosage and duration of treatment: Take antibiotics in strict accordance with the doctor’s recommendations. Do not stop taking antibiotics ahead of time, even if you feel better.
• Do not share antibiotics with others: Antibiotics prescribed to you are intended only for you. Do not share them with other people.
• Ask the doctor questions: If you have any questions about antibiotics, do not hesitate to ask their doctor.

3.2. Alternative treatment methods

In some cases, alternative methods of treating bacterial infections that do not require the use of antibiotics can be used.

• Phytotherapy: Some herbs have antibacterial properties and can be used to treat mild bacterial infections.
• Honey: Honey has antibacterial and anti -inflammatory properties and can be used to treat wounds and burns.
• Propolis: Propolis has antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties and can be used to treat various infections.
• Garlic: Garlic has antibacterial and antiviral properties and can be used to treat mild infections of the upper respiratory tract.
• Vitamin C: Vitamin C strengthens the immune system and helps the body fight infections.

3.3. Strengthening immunity

Strengthening immunity can help prevent bacterial infections and reduce the need to use antibiotics.

• Healthy nutrition: Proper nutrition, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low -fat proteins, helps strengthen immunity.
• Regular physical activity: Regular physical activity helps to strengthen the immune system and improve the overall state of health.
• Sufficient sleep: A sufficient sleep is necessary to restore and strengthen the immune system.
• Reducing stress levels: Stress weakens the immune system, so it is important to learn how to manage stress.
• Vaccination: Vaccination helps to protect the body from infectious diseases.

3.4. Hygiene

Compliance with hygiene rules helps to prevent the spread of bacterial infections.

• Wash your hands regularly: Wash your hands with soap and water regularly, especially after visiting the toilet, before meals and after contact with sick people.
• Use hand antiseptics: If you do not have the opportunity to wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol -based antiseptics.
• Do not touch your face: Try not to touch the face, especially the eye, nose and mouth, to prevent bacteria entering the body.
• Cover your mouth and nose with coughing and sneezing: Cover your mouth and nose with a napkin when coughing and sneezing, and then throw the napkin into the garbage bucket.
• Do not share your personal things: Do not share personal things, such as towels, toothbrushes and razors, with other people.

Section 4: The future of research of microbioma and antibiotics

The studies of the microbioma are located on the forefront of science, and new discoveries constantly expand our understanding of the role of microbioma in health and diseases.

4.1. Development of antibiotics sparing microbias

One of the promising areas of research is the development of antibiotics that selectively destroy pathogenic bacteria, without having a negative effect on a useful microflora.

• Narrow spectrum antibiotics: Antibiotics of a narrow spectrum of action act only on certain types of bacteria, which avoids the destruction of beneficial microflora.
• Antibiotics aimed at virulence factors: Some antibiotics are aimed at the factors of the virulence of bacteria, such as toxins and adhesines, which allows you to weaken the pathogenicity of bacteria without killing them.
• Bacteriophage: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and destroy bacteria. Bacteriophages are highly specific to certain types of bacteria, which makes them a promising tool for the treatment of bacterial infections, without affecting the useful microflora.

4.2. Individualized approaches to treatment

With the development of DNA sequencing technologies, it becomes possible to determine the composition of the microbioma of each person. This will develop individualized approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections, taking into account the characteristics of the patient’s microbioma.

• Prediction of the reaction to antibiotics: Analysis of the microbioma can help predict the patient’s reaction to antibiotics and choose the most effective and safe drug.
• Development of probiotics corresponding to an individual microbiom: An individual analysis of a microbioma will develop probiotics containing bacteria that are necessary for a particular person to restore the balance of a microbioma.
• Personalized diet to maintain the health of microbioma: An individual analysis of a microbioma will develop a diet that will contribute to the growth of beneficial bacteria and maintaining the health of a microbioma.

4.3. Using a microbioma for diagnosis and treatment

Microbia can be used to diagnose and treat various diseases.

• Diagnosis of diseases: Analysis of a microbioma can help in the diagnosis of various diseases, such as IPC, SRK, obesity, diabetes and cancer.
• Microbim therapy: Microbimic therapy, which includes TFM and the use of probiotics, can be used to treat various diseases associated with microbioma disorders.
• Development of new microbioma -based drugs: The study of a microbioma can lead to the discovery of new drugs and therapeutic methods for the treatment of various diseases.

Section 5: Ethical issues related to microbiom

Studies of microbioma and the development of new methods of treatment based on a microbioma raise a number of ethical issues that must be taken into account.

5.1. Microbiome data confidentiality

Data on microbiome is personal information that can be used to identify a person. It is important to ensure the confidentiality of data about the microbiome and protect them from unauthorized access.

5.2. Responsibility for donor material for TFM

The donors of the fecal microbiota must be carefully examined to eliminate the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. It is important to determine responsibility for the possible negative consequences associated with the use of donor material.

5.3. Commercialization of microbimic technologies

The commercialization of microbimic technologies can lead to inequality in access to new treatment methods. It is important to ensure the availability of microbimic technologies for everyone who needs them.

5.4. The need to regulate microbimic technologies

It is necessary to develop clear rules and standards for regulating microbimic technologies in order to ensure their safety and efficiency.

Section 6: The role of education and informing the public

Education and informing the public about the role of microbioma in health and diseases, as well as the proper use of antibiotics, is an important factor for maintaining public health.

6.1. The formation of patients

Patients should be informed about the risks and advantages of antibiotic therapy, as well as the methods of restoring the microbioma after taking antibiotics.

6.2. Education of medical workers

Medical workers must be trained in the correct prescription of antibiotics and methods of managing dysbiosis associated with antibiotics.

6.3. Information of the public

The public should be informed about the role of a microbioma in health and diseases, as well as how to maintain the health of a microbioma.

6.4. Using the media and social networks

The media and social networks can be used to disseminate information about microbioma and antibiotics among a wide audience.

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