Shining smile: how to preserve the health of the teeth - Yes Global Купить БАДы для здоровья

Shining smile: how to preserve the health of the teeth

Section 1: Fundamentals of a healthy smile: anatomy, physiology and microbia of the oral cavity

Teeth: structure and functions.
- Emal: a solid outer shell, protection against acids and mechanical damage. It consists mainly of hydroxyapatitis. Its damage is the first step towards caries. Composition: 96% of minerals (hydroxyapatitis), 4% of water and organic substances. The thickness of the enamel varies from 0.01 mm on the neck of the tooth up to 2.5 mm on the chewing surface.
- Dentin: the main tooth tissue, softer than enamel. Contains tubules along which nerve endings pass, which makes it sensitive to temperature and pressure. Composition: 70% of minerals, 20% organic substances (collagen), 10% water.
- Pulpa: contains nerves and blood vessels that feed the tooth. Is responsible for the sensitivity of the tooth and its restoration after damage.
- Cement: covers the root of the tooth and helps attach it to the bone of the jaw through periodontal ligaments.
- Crown: The visible part of the tooth.
- Root: part of the tooth located in the jaw bone.
- The neck of the tooth: the transition zone between the crown and the root.
- Dental functions:
  - Chewing: grinding of food to facilitate digestion. Different types of teeth perform different functions: incisors – bite, fangs – tearing, premolar and molar – chewing.
  - Speech: participation in the formation of speech sounds (phonetics).
  - Aesthetic: the formation of the appearance of a smile important for self -esteem and social interaction.
Desna and periodont: support and protection of teeth.
- Desna (gingiva): soft tissues, surrounding teeth and protecting their roots. Healthy gums have a pale pink color, dense texture and do not bleed when brushing or probing.
- Periodont: a complex of fabrics surrounding and supporting a tooth in the jaw bone. Includes:
  - Periodontal ligaments: fibers connecting the root of the tooth with the bone of the jaw provide amortization when chewing.
  - Alveolar bone: bone surrounding the root of the tooth.
  - The cement of the tooth root: covers the root of the tooth and serves as a place of attachment of periodontal ligaments.
- Functions of gums and periodontal:
  - Support for teeth in the jaw bone.
  - Protection of the roots of the teeth from the influence of the external environment.
  - Shock absorption of chewing load.
Saliva: natural protection of the oral cavity.
- Combined saliva: Voda, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine, bicarbonate), enzyme (amylase, lysocim), a white (muchin, immunoglobulin).
- Saliva functions:
  - Moisturization of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity.
  - Cleaning tooth residues.
  - Neutralization of acids formed after eating.
  - Remineralization of tooth enamel (restoration of the mineral composition).
  - Antibacterial effect (lysozyme, immunoglobulin).
  - Participation in digestion (amylase breaks carbohydrates).
- Factors affecting salivation:
  - Age: with age, salivation may decrease.
  - Medications: some drugs can cause dry mouth (xerostomy).
  - Diseases: some diseases, such as Shegren syndrome, can disrupt salivation.
  - Stress: stress can lead to a decrease in salivation.
  - Dehydration: insufficient fluid intake leads to a decrease in saliva production.
Microbia of the oral cavity: balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria.
- The composition of the microbioma: a huge amount of microorganisms live in the oral cavity, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa.
- Useful bacteria: participate in digestion, strengthen immunity and prevent the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms.
- Harmful bacteria: contribute to the development of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. These include Streptococcus mutans (main causative agent of caries), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pressor of periodontitis) and others.
- Microbia factors affecting:
  - Oral cavity hygiene.
  - Power (excess sugar helps to propagate harmful bacteria).
  - Immunity.
  - Reception of antibiotics (may disrupt the balance of microbioma).
  - Salivation.
- Dysbiosis of the oral cavity: impaired microbioma balance, leading to the predominance of harmful bacteria and the development of diseases.

Section 2: The main diseases of the oral cavity: caries, gingivitis and periodontitis.

Caries: causes, stages of development and prevention.
- Causes of caries:
  - Bacteria: Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria processing carbohydrates and form acids.
  - Carbohydrates: sugar and other carbohydrates, which are a nutrient medium for bacteria.
  - Time: prolonged exposure to acids on tooth enamel.
  - The state of the enamel: Weak enamel is more susceptible to caries.
- Stages of development of caries:
  - Sprinking: Demineralization of enamel, manifested in the form of a white or brown spot.
  - Superficial caries: enamel defeat.
  - Medium caries: the defeat of enamel and dentin.
  - Deep caries: the defeat of the deep layers of dentin, close to the pulp.
- Caries prevention:
  - Regular tooth brushing (twice a day).
  - Using a toothpaste with fluorine.
  - Using a dental thread to clean the interdental spaces.
  - Limiting sugar consumption.
  - Regular examinations at the dentist (at least once a year).
  - TEARTION TEARTING (professional oral hygiene).
  - Fissure sealing (closing the recesses on the chewing surface of the teeth with a special material).
Gingivitis: gum inflammation: symptoms, causes and treatment.
- Symptom Gingivita:
  - Bleeding gums when brushing teeth or probing.
  - Redness and swelling of the gums.
  - Unpleasant odor from the mouth.
- Causes of gingivitis:
  - Insufficient oral hygiene leading to the formation of denture and stone.
  - Hormonal changes (for example, during pregnancy).
  - Some diseases (for example, diabetes).
  - Smoking.
  - Some medicines.
- Gingivitis Treatment:
  - Professional oral hygiene (removal of denture and stone).
  - Improving the oral hygiene (regular tooth brushing, the use of dental thread, rinses for the oral cavity).
  - The use of antiseptic drugs (for example, chlorhexidine).
  - Treatment of the underlying disease if it is the cause of gingivitis.
Perodontitis: Destruction of tissues surrounding the tooth: symptoms, causes, stages and treatment.
- Periodontitis symptoms:
  - Bleeding gums.
  - The gum recession (exposing the roots of teeth).
  - The formation of periodontal pockets (spaces between the tooth and the gum).
  - Tooth mobility.
  - Unpleasant odor from the mouth.
  - Pain when chewing.
- Reasons for periodontitis:
  - Progressive gingivitis.
  - Insufficient oral cavity.
  - Smoking.
  - Genetic predisposition.
  - Systemic diseases (for example, diabetes).
  - Stress.
- Stages of periodontitis:
  - The initial stage: slight destruction of bone tissue.
  - The middle stage: moderate destruction of bone tissue, the formation of periodontal pockets.
  - Severe stage: significant destruction of bone tissue, severe mobility of the teeth.
- Help of periodontitis:
  - Professional oral hygiene (removal of plaque and stone, including periodontal pockets).
  - Drug treatment (antibiotics, antiseptics).
  - Surgical treatment (curettage of periodontal pockets, patchwork surgery, bone plastic).
  - Tooth shinition (for stabilizing mobile teeth).
  - Supporting therapy (regular examinations and professional oral hygiene).

Section 3: Proper oral hygiene: tools and technology.

Choosing a toothbrush: types, stiffness of bristles and care rules.
- Types of toothbrushes:
  - Manual (manual) toothbrushes.
  - Electric toothbrushes (rotational, sound, ultrasonic).
  - MONOWER TOAR TOMAN BREETS (for hard -to -reach places).
  - Interdental ruffs (for cleaning interdental spaces).
- The stiffness of the bristles:
  - Soft bristles: suitable for people with sensitive gums, gingivitis or periodontitis.
  - Average bristles: suitable for most people.
  - Hard bristles: not recommended, as enamel and gums can damage.
- Rules for caring for a toothbrush:
  - Change the toothbrush every 3 months or after the disease.
  - Rinse the toothbrush thoroughly after each use.
  - Keep a toothbrush in an upright position in an open place so that it can dry.
  - Do not use someone else’s toothbrush.
Choosing toothpaste: composition, fluorine and other active components.
- Composition of toothpaste:
  - Abrasives (to remove dentition).
  - Fluorides (to strengthen enamel and protection against caries).
  - Moisturizers (to prevent the drying of the pasta).
  - Thickeners (to give the paste the desired consistency).
  - Foaming agents (for the better distribution of pasta over the oral cavity).
  - Flavors (to give the paste a pleasant taste and smell).
  - Antiseptics (to combat bacteria).
- Fittor in toothpaste:
  - Strengthens tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acids.
  - Inhibits the growth of bacteria causing caries.
  - Promotes enamel remineralization (restoration of the mineral composition).
- Other active components:
  - Triclosan, chlorhexidine (antiseptics).
  - Pyrophosphates (prevent the formation of tooth stone).
  - Potassium nitrate, chloride strontium (reduce tooth sensitivity).
  - Plant extracts (have anti -inflammatory and antibacterial effects).
Teeth brushing technique: correct movements and cleaning time.
- General rules:
  - Brush your teeth twice a day (in the morning after breakfast and in the evening before bedtime).
  - Brush your teeth for at least 2 minutes.
  - Use a small amount of toothpaste (the size of a pea).
  - Do not crush too much on the toothbrush.
  - Do not forget to clean the tongue.
- Teeth brushing methods:
  - Bass method: the toothbrush is located at an angle of 45 degrees to the tooth, short vibrating movements are performed.
  - Roth method: the toothbrush is located perpendicular to the tooth, circular movements are performed.
  - Stylman method: the toothbrush is located at an angle of 45 degrees to the gum, vibrating movements from the gum to the tooth are performed.
- Language Cleaning:
  - Use a special scraper for a tongue or a toothbrush.
  - Move from the root of the tongue to the tip.
  - Clean the tongue after each tooth brushing.
Tooth thread (FLASS): Types and technique of use.
- Types of dental thread:
  - Waxed tooth thread.
  - Invalid tooth thread.
  - Tooth thread with fluorine.
  - Tooth tape (for wide interdental spaces).
  - Superfloss (for cleaning under bridge prostheses and around implants).
- Dental use technique:
  - Tear off a piece of tooth thread about 45 cm long.
  - Wrap the ends of the tooth thread around the middle fingers of both hands.
  - Gently introduce the tooth thread between the teeth using sawing movements.
  - Press the tooth thread to one side of the tooth and move up and down, cleansing the surface of the tooth.
  - Repeat the same on the other side of the tooth.
  - Clean the interdental spaces between all teeth.
- When to use the tooth thread:
  - Once a day, preferably before going to bed.
Rinsers for the oral cavity: types, composition and rules of use.
- Types of rinses for the oral cavity:
  - Antiseptic rinses (contain chlorhexidine, triclosan or other antiseptics).
  - Rinlets with fluorine (strengthen the enamel of the teeth).
  - Rinsers for sensitive teeth (contain potassium nitrate or strontium chloride).
  - Rinsers for the prevention of tooth stone (contain pyrophosphates).
  - Rinsers with plant extracts (have anti -inflammatory and antibacterial effects).
- The composition of the rinses for the oral cavity:
  - Water.
  - Antiseptics.
  - Fluorides.
  - Alcohol (in some rinses).
  - Flavors.
  - Dyes.
- Rules for using rinse over the oral cavity:
  - Use the rinseum after brushing tooths.
  - Pour in a measured cap about 20 ml of a interpreter.
  - Rinse your mouth for 30 seconds.
  - Do not swallow the rinser.
  - Do not eat or drink within 30 minutes after rinsing.
  - Do not use rinses with chlorhexidine for a long time (can cause painting tooths).
ORTARRIAR ORTHRITER: The principle of action and indications for use.
- The principle of operation of the irrigator:
  - Irrigator is a device that supplies a stream of water under pressure for cleaning interdental spaces, periodontal pockets and other inaccessible places.
- Indications for the use of irrigator:
  - Gingivitis.
  - Periodontitis.
  - The presence of orthodontic structures (braces).
  - The presence of orthopedic structures (crowns, bridge prostheses, implants).
  - Diabetes.
  - Dry in the mouth (xerostomy).
- Irrigator use technique:
  - Fill the irrigator tank with water or a special solution.
  - Turn on the irrigator and direct the stream of water at an angle of 90 degrees to the gum.
  - Move along the gum line, cleansing the interdental spaces and periodontal pockets.
  - Start with minimal pressure and gradually increase it.
  - The duration of the procedure is 5-10 minutes.

Section 4: Nutrition for healthy teeth: products that are healthy and harmful to the health of the oral cavity.

Products useful for teeth and gums.
- Fruits and vegetables:
  - Apples, carrots, celery: stimulate salivation and cleanse the teeth of plaque.
  - Strawberries: Contains apple acid, which whiten the teeth.
  - Citrus fruits: contain vitamin C, necessary for the health of the gums (moderately, due to acidity).
- Dairy products:
  - Milk, yogurt, cheese: contain calcium and phosphorus necessary to strengthen the enamel of the teeth.
  - Cheese: stimulates salivation and neutralizes acids.
- Green tea: contains antioxidants that protect against bacteria and gum inflammation.
- Water: moisturizes the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, cleanses the teeth of food residues and stimulates salivation.
- Products rich in vitamin D: fish, eggs, liver (improves calcium absorption).
Products harmful to teeth and gums.
- Sweet products:
  - Sweets, chocolate, cookies, carbonated drinks: contain a large amount of sugar, which is a nutrient medium for bacteria causing caries.
- Sour products:
  - Citrus fruits, juices, vinegar: can destroy the enamel of the teeth. After eating acidic products, it is recommended to rinse your mouth with water.
- Starchy products:
  - Chips, potatoes of fries, bread: easily stick to their teeth and contribute to the formation of plaque.
- Sticky products:
  - Irisk, chewing gum, dried fruits: difficult to remove from the surface of the teeth and create a favorable environment for breeding bacteria.
- Alcohol: reduces salivation and can contribute to the development of caries and gum diseases.
Food mode: Frequency of meals and snacks.
- Recommended:
  - 3 main meals per day.
  - Restriction of snacks between meals.
  - After each meal, rinse your mouth with water or use chewing gum without sugar (within 15-20 minutes).
- Not recommended:
  - Frequent snacks with sweet foods.
  - Eating sweet drinks between meals.
  - The habit of gnawing hard objects (pens, pencils).
Chewing gum without sugar: benefits and harm.
- The benefits of chewing gum without sugar:
  - It stimulates salivation, which neutralizes acids and cleanses the teeth of food residues.
  - Contains xylitol, which prevents the reproduction of bacteria causing caries.
- The harm of chewing gum:
  - Excessive chewing can lead to overstrain of the jaw muscles and cause pain in the temporomandibular joint.
  - Some chewing gums contain artificial sweeteners and dyes that can be harmful to health.
- Recommendations for the use of chewing gum:
  - Chew chewing gum without sugar after eating for 15-20 minutes.
  - Do not cheat chewing gum too often or too long.
  - Choose a chewing gum with xylitol and without artificial sweeteners and dyes.
Vitamins and minerals for teeth health: meaning and sources.
- Vitamin A: It is necessary for the health of the gums and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Sources: liver, eggs, dairy products, carrots, spinach.
- Vitamin C: It is necessary for the health of gums and strengthening immunity. Sources: citrus fruits, kiwi, strawberries, pepper, broccoli.
- Vitamin D: It is necessary for the absorption of calcium and strengthening bones, including the jaw. Sources: fish oil, eggs, dairy products, sunlight.
- Calcium: It is necessary to strengthen enamel of teeth and bones. Sources: dairy products, green vegetables, nuts, seeds.
- Phosphorus: It is necessary to strengthen enamel of teeth and bones. Sources: dairy products, fish, meat, eggs, nuts, seeds.
- Phthor: strengthens tooth enamel and makes it more resistant to acids. Sources: fluorine water, toothpaste with fluorine, fish.

Section 5: Professional oral hygiene: necessity and methods.

Why do you need professional oral cavity hygiene?
- Removing denture and stone that cannot be removed at home.
- Prevention of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis.
- Early detection of oral diseases.
- Improving the aesthetic type of teeth (removal of pigmentation).
- Training in the correct hygiene of the oral cavity.
Methods of professional oral hygiene.
- Ultrasonic tooth brushing:
  - Using an ultrasound scaler to remove tartar.
  - A painless procedure.
- Air Flow:
  - Removing denture and pigmentation using a stream of water, air and abrasive powder.
  - Effectively cleans hard -to -reach places.
- Politing tooths:
  - The use of special polishing pastes and brushes to give teeth smoothness and shine.
  - Prevents the formation of a denture.
- Frighting of teeth:
  - Approaching a fluorine -containing gel or varnish to the surface of the teeth.
  - Strengthens the enamel of the teeth and protects against caries.
Stages of conducting professional oral hygiene.
- Inspection of the oral cavity and assessment of the condition of teeth and gums.
- Removing tartar with an ultrasound scaler.
- Removing denture and pigmentation using Air Flow.
- Politing tooths.
- Frighting of tooths.
- Training in the correct hygiene of the oral cavity.
How often do you need to do professional oral hygiene?
- It is recommended to conduct professional oral hygiene every 6-12 months.
- People with gingivitis, periodontitis, braces or implants may need more frequent conduct of professional oral hygiene (every 3-6 months).
Contraindications to the professional hygiene of the oral cavity.
- Acute inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.
- Diseases of the cardiovascular system (a doctor’s consultation is required).
- Bronchial asthma (it is necessary to use the Air Flow Pesporous System).
- Allergy to the drugs used.

Section 6: Orthodontics: alignment of teeth and correction of bite.

What is orthodontics and why is it needed?
- Orthodox is a section of dentistry, which is engaged in the correction of a bite and alignment of the teeth.
- Incorrect bite and uneven teeth can lead to:
  - Difficulties with oral hygiene, which increases the risk of caries and gum diseases.
  - Impaired chewing function.
  - Problems with speech.
  - Pain in the temporomandibular joint.
  - Aesthetic disadvantages.
Types of orthodontic devices.
- Brectes systems:
  - Metal braces.
  - Ceramic braces.
  - Sapphire braces.
  - Linguistic braces (installed on the inside of the teeth).
  - Self -captable braces.
- Eliners (transparent capes):
  - Removable orthodontic devices made individually for each patient.
  - More aesthetic than braces.
- Removable records:
  - Used to correct a bite in children.
  - It can be single -acne or two -core.
Stages of orthodontic treatment.
- Consultation of an orthodontist and diagnosis (inspection, x -rays, removal of casts).
- Drawing up a treatment plan.
- Installation of an orthodontic apparatus.
- Regular visits to the orthodontist to activate the apparatus and control the treatment process.
- Removing an orthodontic apparatus.
- The retention period (wearing retainers to consolidate the result of treatment).
Return: consolidation of the results of orthodontic treatment.
- Retailers:
  - Factor retailers (thin wire glued to the inside of the teeth).
  - Removable retainers (capes or plates).
- The importance of retention:
  - After removing the orthodontic apparatus, the teeth tend to return to its original position.
  - Retheners help hold the teeth in the correct position and prevent relapse.
Orthodontic treatment in adults: features and opportunities.
- Orthodox treatment is possible at any age.
- In adults, orthodontic treatment can take more time than in children.
- Various types of orthodontic devices are available to adult patients, including aesthetic braces and eliners.
- In some cases, orthodontic treatment can be carried out in combination with surgical intervention (Orthnatic surgery).

Section 7: Dental prosthetics: restoration of lost teeth.

Why do you need tooth prosthetics?
- Restoration of chewing function.
- Restoring the aesthetic type of smile.
- Prevention of displacement of neighboring teeth.
- Prevention of atrophy of bone tissue of the jaw.
- Improving diction.
Types of dentures.
- Removable prostheses:
  - Full removable prostheses (for patients who have lost all teeth).
  - Partial removable prostheses (for patients who have lost several teeth).
  - Bogel prostheses (more durable and comfortable than ordinary removable prostheses).
- Factible prostheses:
  - Crings (cover a damaged tooth).
  - Bridge prostheses (replace missing teeth, resting on neighboring teeth).
  - Vinirs (thin ceramic overlays, improve the appearance of the teeth).
  - Lumineers (ultra -thin veneers do not require a turn of tooth).
  - Dental implants (artificial roots of the teeth on which crowns are installed).
Dental implants: a modern method of prosthetics.
- Advantages of dental implants:
  - Tooth restoration without damage to neighboring teeth.
  - Prevention of atrophy of bone tissue of the jaw.
  - Reliable fixation of the prosthesis.
  - Aesthetic appearance.
- Stages of teeth implantation:
  - Consultation of a surgeon dentist and diagnostics (inspection, x-rays, computed tomography).
  - Surgical attitude of the implant into the bone of the jaw.
  - The period of osteointegration (enlistment of the implant to the bone, usually takes 3-6 months).
  - Installation of an abutment (adapter between the implant and the crown).
  - Production and installation of the crown on the implant.
Materials for dentures.
- Cermetracles (combination of a metal frame and ceramic cladding).
- Bezmetall ceramics (made from zirconium dioxide or pressed ceramics, more aesthetic than cermet).
- Acrylic plastics (used for the manufacture of removable prostheses).
- Nylon (used for the manufacture of flexible removable prostheses).
- Composite materials (used for the manufacture of veneers and restorations).
Care for dentures.
- Removable prostheses:
  - Daily prosthesis cleaning with a special brush and paste.
  - Storage of a prosthesis in a special container with a disinfectant solution.
  - Regular visits to the dentist for the correction of the prosthesis.
- Factible prostheses:
  - Careful brushing twice a day.
  - The use of dental thread and interdental ruffs to clean the interdental spaces.
  - Regular visits to a dentist for a preventive examination and professional oral hygiene.

Section 8: Pregnancy and healthy health: what future mothers need to know.

Hormonal changes and their effect on the oral cavity.
- During pregnancy, a change in the hormonal background occurs, which can lead to:
  - Increasing bleeding gums (gingivitis of pregnant women).
  - Increase in teeth sensitivity.
  - Hire

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